[ K trendy NEWS Choi Jeong-cheol's miscellaneous learning ] Humans have worshiped good gods since ancient times, but they had no choice but to coexist with other gods and evil spirits. Because of this, every nation has passed on their own culture of chasing after evil spirits and meeting good things.
The representative ritual of wall photography in the East can be found in Bangsang's mask. The Bangsangsi mask appeared during the emperor's era in the Middle East. Jeong Hyeon-eun, a Dong-han man who compiled an extract of the Analects into about 20 chapters and 12,000 letters a thousand years before Joo-hee compiled the Analects, said, “Mr.
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According to the record of the Jurye (周禮), “The Bang Sang clan is called the Mad Man Bang Sang clan. He is tall and strong. He casts out demons at funerals and kills demons.” Bang Sang-ssi Tal has four eyes. Two look out for the afterlife and the other two look for the underworld. Perhaps for this reason, the Bang Sang clan's mask was originally a ceremonial hall that banished evil spirits and evil spirits in front of a funeral procession, but since the Zhou Dynasty, it has been used as a meaning of a byeoksa during narae ceremonies held in palaces.
In 『Huhanseo』, , it is recorded about the narae ceremony in the ancient Jungwon. “The third day from the winter solstice is set as the new day, and the day before that day, a large nuptial ceremony is held. From among the children of the eunuch family, 120 young children aged 10 to 12 are selected.” These young pendulums performed the role of the gods, and the play to drive them out was the rite of narae.
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The exact time when the Bang Sang-san mask was introduced to the Korean Peninsula is not known. When excavating Gyeongju Houchong in 1946, fragments of Bangsang’s mask were found and considered to be the oldest Bangsang’s mask handed down to the Korean Peninsula around the 5th century. However, since it is reported that in the 6th year of King Jeongjong of the Goryeo Dynasty, the royal family of Goryeo imported the narae ceremony from Jungwon, it can be presumed that the Bangsang family mask has existed on the Korean Peninsula since at least this time.
In the Goryeo Dynasty, unlike Jungwon, the number of Jinja was adjusted. According to the records of 『Goryeo History』, Gyedongdaenaui (季冬大儺儀), 48 young Jinjas between the ages of 12 and 16 are selected as one of the 24 young ones in units of six. It can be seen that a total of two generations were organized to carry out the narye ceremony. The young Jinja put on a red mask and wore a red high humidity (袴褶, a knee-deep riding robe worn over trousers).
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Although the bansang family mask disappeared from the Northern Song Dynasty in the narae ceremony in the Middle East, it still played a central role in the narye ceremony in the Korean peninsula. The scale and contents can be summarized as follows by examining the narae ceremony performed at Gyeongbokgung Palace during the reign of King Sejong of the Joseon Dynasty.
On the eve of the ceremony, court officials are mobilized to clean the entire palace. The Seoun-gwan (seoun-gwan, a weather observation instrument) selects 22 musicians. One of them wears a Bang Sang-ssi mask, a black top coat, a red skirt, and a bear skin coat. He holds the spear in his right hand and the shield in his left. One of the musicians plays Changsu (唱帥). He puts on a mask, wears a leather robe, holds a club, and chants aloud.
Except for the Bang Sang clan's mask and the Changsu, the rest of the musicians are to wear red hoods and red clothes, and are composed of 4 jockeys, 4 tungso, and 12 drummers. Here, 12 butlers of the 12 gods who wear red hats, narrow-sleeved spears, and wielding whips are selected separately and have them follow the mask of the Bang Sang clan. These 36 people are collectively called Naja.
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Seo Un-gwan, together with them, selects 48 young Jinjas and wears them with red hoods and red clothes. At dawn, when the ceremony begins, the Gwangwangam (觀象監, an organization that was in charge of astronomical geography and climate-related affairs) leads Naja to the outside of Geunjeongmun. Seung-ji tells the king to chase the evil spirit. When the king's permission is granted, Changsu's order chanting and Bangsang's mask are followed by Naja's recital.
“Sudden (甲作) eats ugly things, Pi-wi (胇胃) eats tigers, Ung-baek (熊白) eats ghosts, Dung-gan (騰簡) eats bad things, and Nam-je (欖).諸 devours calamities, Bai Qi devours dreams, Kang Liang and Illumination devours a sage and a gisaeng together, Wei Su devours the coffin, and chakdan (錯斷) eats large ones, and Gunggi (窮奇) and deunggeun (騰根) together eat worms in the stomach. I will use the twelve gods to drive out evil spirits, mutilate your body, take your liver and bones, cut out your flesh, and bring out your lungs. If you don’t run away quickly, you will become food for the twelve gods!”
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Hearing this, the pendulums of the Yeoksin Station bowed and bowed, saying, “I know well.” The musicians play loudly, and the butlers march with the pendulums in the lead. Those who arrive outside Gwanghwamun are divided into four generations and dispersed into the four gates of the palace. When you arrive at the temple gate, the Bongsangsi official (奉常寺; the institution that oversees the state ancestral rites), the priest, chant the congratulatory gate, and the Bongsang city official Jaerang (齋郞) rips the live chicken and pours alcohol, followed by Yegam (瘞坎. Bury it in the temporarily dug pit to the right of the gate. This concludes the rite of rites.
The narye ceremony was a ceremony to keep the palace clean and to pray for the country to be peaceful and the people to be at peace, so it was widely practiced in the folklore as well. On the next day, he cleaned the inside and outside of the house, such as repairing the kitchen, and then turned the chair over, lit a fire in the yard, and used firecrackers to drive out evil spirits in the house.
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If it is a typical Western wall photography ceremony, it would be Halloween. The origins of Halloween can be traced to the Samhain culture of the ancient Irish Celts, dating from around the 25th century BC. Their new year started on November 1. They believed that on the night of October 31, the eve of the new year, various ghosts, demons, and miscellaneous spirits would come and enter the body of the living and be resurrected the following year.
In order to ward off the evil, they put on animal skins or put on a hideous mask and set fire to a pyre throughout the village. In the Samaein culture, there was also a custom of offering human sacrifices to the god of death. Later, as the Roman Empire swept over Europe, the culture of the Celts' sister-in-law permeated the Christian culture extensively.
Around the middle of the ninth century, Pope Gregory IV changed May 13, which Bonipatius IV designated as All Hollows' Day a hundred years ago, to be November 1, the first day of the Celts, in order to block the evil custom of human sacrifice by the Celts. The day before, October 31, was designated as the All Hallows Evening, integrating the Catholic day of worship of the dead and customs of samurai excluding human sacrifices.
After that, the human sacrifice culture lost its trace, and instead, the Halloween culture spread as a custom of the Byeoksa ritual and developed into a festival enjoyed by people all over the world today.
Last Halloween, a terrible tragedy occurred in which as many as 156 people were crushed to death while young people from home and abroad were enjoying a festival somewhere on this land. The president reluctantly apologized at a religious event after a week had passed, and the organizations neglecting their duties are only shifting the blame to each other, and the ruling party is absurdly holding the former government accountable.
Seeing them who prioritize ignorance and evasion of responsibility rather than takeovers, I think they are the ghastly demons of this age. Today, Koreans have forgotten most of the customs of wall photography. Among them, the ritual of narae, which disappeared from this land with the fall of the Joseon Dynasty, comes to mind like a chimney every time I see the evil spirits of this land.
Written by Choi Jeong-cheol | culture columnist
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